Genetic Risk Factors For Long COVID

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Some people, after getting COVID, go on to have Long COVID. There are various contributing factors to this, including:

  • Lifestyle factors that impact general disease-proneness
  • Immune-specific factors such as being immunocompromised already
  • Genetic factors

We looked at some modifiable factors to improve one’s disease-resistance, yesterday:

Stop Sabotaging Your Gut

And we’ve taken a more big-picture look previously:

Beyond Supplements: The Real Immune-Boosters!

Along with some more systemic issues:

Why Some People Get Sick More (And How To Not Be One Of Them)

But, for when the “don’t get COVID” ship has sailed, one of the big remaining deciding factors with regard to whether one gets Long COVID or not, is genetic

The Long COVID Genes

For those with their 23andMe genetic data to hand…

❝Study findings revealed that three specific genetic loci, HLA-DQA1–HLA-DQB1, ABO, and BPTF–KPAN2–C17orf58, and three phenotypes were at significantly heightened risk, highlighting high-priority populations for interventions against this poorly understood disease.❞

~ Priyanka Nandakumar et al.

For those who don’t, then first: you might consider getting that! Here’s why:

Genetic Testing: Health Benefits & Methods

But also, all is not lost meanwhile:

The same study also found that individuals with genetic predispositions to chronic fatigue, depression, and fibromyalgia, as well as other phenotypes such as autoimmune conditions and cardiometabolic conditions, are at significantly higher risk of long-COVID than individuals without these conditions.

Good news, bad news

Another finding was that women and non-smokers were more likely to get Long COVID, than men and smokers, respectively.

Does that mean that those things are protective against Long COVID, which would be very counterintuitive in the case of smoking?

Well, yes and no; it depends on whether you count “less likely to get Long COVID because of being more likely to just die” as protective against Long COVID.

(Incidentally, estrogen is moderately immune-enhancing, while testosterone is moderately immune-suppressing, so the sex thing was not too surprising. It’s also at least contributory to why women get more autoimmune disorders, while men get more respiratory infections such as colds and the like)

Want to know more?

You can read the paper itself, here:

Multi-ancestry GWAS* of Long COVID identifies immune-related loci and etiological links to chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia and depression

*GWAS = Genome-Wide Association Study

Take care!

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  • What you need to know about menopause

    10almonds is reader-supported. We may, at no cost to you, receive a portion of sales if you purchase a product through a link in this article.

    Menopause describes the time when a person with ovaries has gone one full year without a menstrual period. Reaching this phase is a natural aging process that marks the end of reproductive years.

    Read on to learn more about the causes, stages, signs, and management of menopause.

    What causes menopause?

    As you age, your ovaries begin making less estrogen and progesterone—two of the hormones involved in menstruation—and your fertility declines, causing menopause.

    Most people begin perimenopause, the transitional time that ends in menopause, in their late 40s, but it can start earlier. On average, people in the U.S. experience menopause in their early 50s.

    Your body may reach early menopause for a variety of reasons, including having an oophorectomy, a surgery that removes the ovaries. In this case, the hormonal changes happen abruptly rather than gradually.

    Chemotherapy and radiation therapy for cancer patients may also induce menopause, as these treatments may impact ovary function.

    What are the stages of menopause?

    There are three stages:

    • Perimenopause typically occurs eight to 10 years before menopause happens. During this stage, estrogen production begins to decline and ovaries release eggs less frequently.
    • Menopause marks the point when you have gone 12 consecutive months without a menstrual period. This means the ovaries have stopped releasing eggs and producing estrogen.
    • Postmenopause describes the time after menopause. Once your body reaches this phase, it remains there for the rest of your life.

    How do the stages of menopause affect fertility?

    Your ovaries still produce eggs during perimenopause, so it is still possible to get pregnant during that stage. If you do not wish to become pregnant, continue using your preferred form of birth control throughout perimenopause.

    Once you’ve reached menopause, you can no longer get pregnant naturally. People who would like to become pregnant after that may pursue in vitro fertilization (IVF) using eggs that were frozen earlier in life or donor eggs.

    What are the signs of menopause?

    Hormonal shifts result in a number of bodily changes. Signs you are approaching menopause may include:

    • Hot flashes (a sudden feeling of warmth).
    • Irregular menstrual periods, or unusually heavy or light menstrual periods.
    • Night sweats and/or cold flashes.
    • Insomnia.
    • Slowed metabolism.
    • Irritability, mood swings, and depression.
    • Vaginal dryness.
    • Changes in libido.
    • Dry skin, eyes, and/or mouth.
    • Worsening of premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
    • Urinary urgency (a sudden need to urinate).
    • Brain fog.

    How can I manage the effects of menopause?

    You may not need any treatment to manage the effects of menopause. However, if the effects are disrupting your life, your doctor may prescribe hormone therapy.

    If you have had a hysterectomy, your doctor may prescribe estrogen therapy (ET), which may be administered via a pill, patch, cream, spray, or vaginal ring. If you still have a uterus, your doctor may prescribe estrogen progesterone/progestin hormone therapy (EPT), which is sometimes called “combination therapy.”

    Both of these therapies work by replacing the hormones your body has stopped making, which can reduce the physical and mental effects of menopause.

    Other treatment options may include antidepressants, which can help manage mood swings and hot flashes; prescription creams to alleviate vaginal dryness; or gabapentin, an anti-seizure medication that has been shown to reduce hot flashes.

    Lifestyle changes may help alleviate the effects on their own or in combination with prescription medication. Those changes include:

    • Incorporating movement into your daily life.
    • Limiting caffeine and alcohol.
    • Quitting smoking.
    • Maintaining a regular sleep schedule.
    • Practicing relaxation techniques, such as meditation.
    • Consuming foods rich in plant estrogens, such as grains, beans, fruits, vegetables, and seeds.
    • Seeking support from a therapist and from loved ones.

    What health risks are associated with menopause?

    Having lower levels of estrogen may put you at greater risk of certain health complications, including osteoporosis and coronary artery disease.

    Osteoporosis occurs when bones lose their density, increasing the risk of fractures. A 2022 study found that the prevalence of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women was 82.2 percent.

    Coronary artery disease occurs when the arteries that send blood to your heart become narrow or blocked with fatty plaque.

    Estrogen therapy can reduce your risk of osteoporosis and coronary artery disease by preserving bone mass and maintaining cardiovascular function.

    For more information, talk to your health care provider.

    This article first appeared on Public Good News and is republished here under a Creative Commons license.

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  • Rice vs Buckwheat – Which is Healthier?

    10almonds is reader-supported. We may, at no cost to you, receive a portion of sales if you purchase a product through a link in this article.

    Our Verdict

    When comparing rice to buckwheat, we picked the buckwheat.

    Why?

    It’s a simple one today:

    • The vitamin and mineral profiles are very similar, so neither of these are a swaying factor
    • In terms of macros, rice is higher in carbohydrates while buckwheat is higher in fiber
    • Buckwheat also has more protein, but not by much
    • Buckwheat has the lower glycemic index, and a lower insulin index, too

    While buckwheat cannot always be reasonably used as a substitute for rice (often because the texture would not work the same), in many cases it can be.

    And if you love rice, well, so do we, but variety is also the spice of life indeed, not to mention important for good health. You know that whole “eat 30 different plants per week” thing? Grains count in that tally! So substituting buckwheat in place of rice sometimes seems like a very good bet.

    Not sure where to buy it?

    Here for your convenience is an example product on Amazon

    Want to know more about today’s topic?

    Check out: Carb-Strong or Carb-Wrong?

    Enjoy!

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  • 10 Ways To Balance Blood Sugars

    10almonds is reader-supported. We may, at no cost to you, receive a portion of sales if you purchase a product through a link in this article.

    “Let Them Eat Cake”, She Said…

    This is Jessie Inchauspé, a French biochemist and author. She’s most known for her best-selling “Glucose Revolution: The Life-Changing Power Of Balancing Your Blood Sugar”.

    It’s a great book (which we reviewed recently) and you absolutely should read it, but meanwhile, we’re going to distill at least the most critical core ideas, 10almonds style. In this case, her “ten hacks”:

    Eat foods in the right order

    The order is:

    1. Fiber first
    2. Protein and fat second
    3. Starches and sugars last

    What happens here is… the fiber perks up the gut bacteria, the protein and fat will then be better-digested next, and the starches and sugars will try to jump the line, but they can’t because the fiber is a physical speedbump and the proteins and fats are taking the prime place for being digested. So instead, the starches and sugars—usually responsible for blood sugar spikes—get processed much more gradually, resulting in a nice even curve.

    Add a green starter to all your meals

    We know what you’re thinking: “that’s just the first one again”, but no. This is an extra starter, before you get to that. If you’re the cook of the household, this can absolutely simply mean snacking on green ingredients while cooking.

    Stop counting calories

    Especially, she advises: stop worrying about extra calories from fats, such as if doing an oil-and-vinegar dressing for salad—which she also recommends, because all three components (the oil, the vinegar, and the salad) help even out blood sugar levels.

    Flatten your breakfast curve

    For many, breakfast is the starchiest meal of the day, if not the sugariest. Inchauspé recommends flipping this (ideally) or softening it (if you really must have a carb-based breakfast):

    • Top choices include: a warm vegetable salad, fish, or eggs (or tofu if you don’t do animal products).
    • Next-best include: if you must have toast, make sure to have butter (and/or the aforementioned egg/tofu, for example) to give your digestion an extra thing to do.
    • Also: she recommends skipping the juice in favour of home-made breakfast smoothies. That way, instead of basically just sugar with some vitamins, you’re getting a range of nutrients that, if you stack it right, can constitute a balanced meal itself, with fiber + protein + fat + carbs.

    As an extra note from the 10almonds team: come to think of it, today’s sponsor’s product would be a great choice for this “mixed nutrient breakfast” idea! But more on that later

    Have any type of sugar—they’re all the same

    They’re technically not, but the point is that your body will immediately take them apart and then they will be just the same. Whether it’s the cheapest white sugar or the most expensive organic lovingly hand-reared free-range agave nectar, your body is going to immediately give it the chop-shop treatment (a process so quick as to be practically instantaneous) and say “this is now glucose”.

    Pick a dessert over a sweet snack

    Remember that about the right order for foods? A dessert, when your body is already digesting dinner, is going to make much less of a glucose spike than, say, a blueberry muffin when all you’ve had this morning is coffee and juice.

    Reach for the vinegar before you eat

    We recently did a whole main feature about this, so we’ll not double up today!

    After you eat, move

    The glucose you eat will be used to replace lost muscle glycogen, before any left over is stored as fat… and, while it’s waiting to be stored as fat, just sitting in your bloodstream being high blood sugars. So, this whole thing will go a lot better if you are actively using muscle glycogen (by moving your body).

    Inchauspé gives a metaphor: imagine a steam train worker, shoveling coal into the furnace. Meanwhile, other workers are bringing more coal. If the train is moving quickly, the coal can be shoveled into the furnace and burned and won’t build up so quickly. But if the train is moving slowly or not at all, that coal is just going to build up and build up, until the worker can shovel no more because of being neck-deep in coal.

    Same with your blood sugars!

    If you want to snack, go low-sugar

    In the category of advice that will shock nobody: sugary snacks aren’t good for avoiding blood sugar spikes! This one probably didn’t need a chapter devoted to it, but anyway: low sugar is indeed the way to go for snacks.

    Put some clothes on your carbs

    This is about olive oil on pasta, butter on potatoes, and so forth. Basically, anything starchy is going to be broken down quickly to sugar and sent straight into the bloodstream, if there’s nothing to slow it down. If you’re wondering what to do with rice: adding a tablespoon of chia seeds to the rice while cooking (so they’re cooked together) will add very healthy fats to your rice, and (because they’ve been cooked) will not seem like eating seeds, by the way. In terms of texture and appearance, it’ll be as though you threw some black pepper in*

    *which you should also do for many reasons, but that’s beyond the scope of this “about blood sugars” feature!

    Wanting to know more about the science of this?

    We’ve done all we have room for here today, but Inchauspé is, as ever, happy to explain it herself:



    Prefer text? Check out:

    The Science Behind Glucose Goddess

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    We’ve written before about Dr. Devi’s work (See: “Alzheimer’s: The Bad News And The Good“) but she has plenty more to say than we could fit in an article.

    The book is written for patients, family/carers, and clinicians—without getting deep into the science, which it is assumed clinicians will know. the general style of the book is pop-science, and it’s more about addressing the misconceptions around Alzheimer’s, rather than focusing on neurological features such as beta amyloid plaques and tau proteins and the like.

    Dr. Devi explains a lot about the experience of Alzheimer’s—what to expect, or rather, what to know about in advance. Because, as she explains, there are a lot of different manifestations of Alzheimer’s that are all lumped under the same umbrella.

    This means that a person could have negligible memory but perfect language and reasoning skills, or the other way around, or some other combination of symptoms showing up or not.

    Which means that any plan for managing one’s Alzheimer’s needs to be adaptable and personalized, which is something Dr. Devi talks us through, too.

    Bottom line: if you are a loved one has Alzheimer’s, or you just like to be prepared, this is a great book to prepare anybody for just that.

    Click here to check out The Spectrum of Hope, and hold onto that hope!

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  • Finish What You Start – by Peter Hollins

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    For some people, getting started is the problem. For others of us, getting started is the easy part! We just need a little help not dropping things we started.

    There are summaries at the starts and ends of sections, and many “quick tips” to get you back on track.

    As a taster: one of these is “temptation bundling“, combining unpleasant things with pleasant. A kind of “spoonful of sugar” approach.

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    Get your copy of “Finish What You Start” from Amazon today!

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  • From Strength to Strength – by Dr. Arthur Brooks

    10almonds is reader-supported. We may, at no cost to you, receive a portion of sales if you purchase a product through a link in this article.

    For most professions, there are ways in which performance can be measured, and the average professional peak varies by profession, but averages are usually somewhere in the 30–45 range, with a pressure to peak between 25–35.

    With a peak by age 45 or perhaps 50 at the latest (aside from some statistical outliers, of course), what then to expect at age 50+? Not long after that, there’s a reason for mandatory retirement ages in some professions.

    Dr. Brooks examines the case for accepting that rather than fighting it, and/but making our weaknesses into our strengths as we go. If our fluid intelligence slows, our accumulated crystal intelligence (some might call it “wisdom“) can make up for it, for example.

    But he also champions the idea of looking outside of ourselves; of the importance of growing and fostering connections; giving to those around us and receiving support in turn; not transactionally, but just as a matter of mutualism of the kind found in many other species besides our own. Indeed, Dr. Brooks gives the example of a grove of aspen trees (hence the cover art of this book) that do exactly that.

    The style is very accessible in terms of language but with frequent scientific references, so very much a “best of both worlds” in terms of readability and information-density.

    Bottom line: if ever you’ve wondered at what age you might outlive your usefulness, this book will do as the subtitle suggests, and help you carve out your new place.

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    Did you arrive here from our newsletter? Don’t forget to return to the email to continue learning!

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